Drug and Alcohol Withdrawal Symptoms

Drug and alcohol withdrawal is the physical and mental symptoms that occur when a person stops or significantly reduces their use of drugs or alcohol. Withdrawals are common and unavoidable as long as your body and brain have developed a dependence on drugs or alcohol. However, they can be properly managed by medical experts.

The symptoms of drug and alcohol withdrawal can include cravings, restlessness, anxiety, sweating, tremors, and in severe cases, hallucinations, seizures, and Delirium Tremens (DT). Other common symptoms may include nausea, vomiting, insomnia, irritability, and difficulty concentrating.

What is Drug and Alcohol Withdrawal?

Drug and alcohol withdrawal refers to the physical and psychological symptoms that occur when a person stops using a drug or significantly reduces their alcohol consumption after a period of heavy or prolonged use. When someone becomes dependent on drugs or alcohol, their body and brain adapt to the presence of the substance. 

When the substance is abruptly removed, the body goes through a withdrawal process as it readjusts to functioning without the substance. Withdrawal symptoms can vary depending on the specific substance, but they often include physical discomfort, cravings, mood changes, and other physiological and psychological effects.

In drug withdrawal, specific substances such as opioids, benzodiazepines, and alcohol can lead to potentially severe withdrawal symptoms. The duration of withdrawal symptoms varies as well. For example, opioid withdrawal symptoms typically peak within 72 hours and subside over a week or two, while benzodiazepine withdrawal may last for several weeks or months, and alcohol withdrawal symptoms can occur within hours to a few days after the last drink and may persist for weeks.

What Causes Drug and Alcohol Withdrawal?

Drug and alcohol withdrawal is primarily caused by the body’s physiological and neurochemical adjustments to the presence of the substances. When a person uses drugs or alcohol regularly and in large amounts, the body adapts to the presence of these substances. 

Over time, it becomes dependent on the substances to function normally.

When drug or alcohol use is abruptly reduced or stopped, the body undergoes a period of adjustment, leading to withdrawal symptoms. 

The specific causes of withdrawal can be attributed to various factors:

• Neurochemical Changes: Prolonged use alters neurotransmitter balance. For instance, opioids and alcohol depress the central nervous system, causing increased neurotransmitter production. When removed, the brain struggles to regain equilibrium, resulting in withdrawal symptoms.
• Rebound Effects: Stimulants like cocaine or amphetamines cause neurotransmitter surges. Discontinuation leads to a rebound effect, resulting in deficiencies and withdrawal symptoms.
• Physical Dependence: Chronic use creates physical dependence, where the body adapts to the substance. Sudden removal disrupts equilibrium and triggers withdrawal.
• Psychological Dependence: Psychological factors, such as craving pleasurable effects and emotional associations, intensify withdrawal symptoms.

Withdrawal severity and duration vary based on the substance, usage patterns, individual differences, and overall health.

What Symptoms are Associated With Drug and Alcohol Withdrawal?

The symptoms associated with drug and alcohol withdrawal can vary depending on the specific substance used and individual factors. However, some common withdrawal symptoms are frequently observed:

• Physical symptoms: These may include tremors, sweating, increased heart rate, changes in blood pressure, gastrointestinal distress (nausea, vomiting, diarrhea), muscle aches, headache, and insomnia.
• Psychological symptoms: Individuals may experience anxiety, irritability, restlessness, mood swings, depression, difficulty concentrating, and increased sensitivity to stimuli.
• Cravings: Intense cravings for the substance are a common symptom of withdrawal. The strong desire to use drugs or alcohol can be challenging to manage during this time.
• Sleep disturbances: Insomnia or changes in sleep patterns are often reported during withdrawal. Some individuals may experience vivid dreams or nightmares.
• Cognitive difficulties: Difficulties with memory, attention, and cognitive functioning can occur during withdrawal, making it challenging to think clearly or engage in daily activities.
• Emotional changes: Emotional instability, heightened emotional sensitivity, and increased irritability or agitation may be present.
• Withdrawal seizures: In some cases, withdrawal from certain substances, such as alcohol or benzodiazepines, can lead to seizures, which are considered severe symptoms and require immediate medical attention.

Medically supervised detoxification and withdrawal management programs can help individuals safely navigate this challenging period and provide support for managing withdrawal symptoms effectively.

How Long After Quitting Do Withdrawal Symptoms Begin?

After quitting drugs or alcohol, withdrawal symptoms typically begin within a few hours to a couple of days. The exact timing can vary depending on the substance used and individual factors. 

For example, below is a table of substances, their timelines, and common symptoms:

How is Drug and Alcohol Withdrawal Diagnosed?

Drug and alcohol withdrawal is diagnosed through reported symptoms, medical history, and clinical assessment. The process involves evaluating substance use history, withdrawal symptoms, and conducting a physical examination. Laboratory tests may be performed to check for substances and underlying conditions. Diagnostic criteria from the DSM-5 may be referenced, and the overall clinical presentation, including any co-occurring mental health issues, is considered.

Can Drug and Alcohol Withdrawal Symptoms be Prevented?

Unfortunately, drug and alcohol withdrawal symptoms cannot be completely prevented. If you have abused drugs for an extended period and decide to abruptly discontinue them, these symptoms will appear even under the care and watch of medical professionals.

However, they can be effectively managed and minimized through medical supervision, gradual dose reduction, medications, psychological support, and maintaining a healthy lifestyle. Seeking professional medical advice is important for personalized withdrawal management.

How Can Drug and Alcohol Withdrawal Symptoms be Treated?

Withdrawal symptoms can be treated through various approaches, which are determined based on the specific substance, individual needs, and severity of symptoms. Here are some common treatment options for managing withdrawal symptoms:

• Medical Detoxification: Medically supervised detoxification is the first step in managing withdrawal, where healthcare professionals monitor vital signs, administer medications to manage symptoms, and ensure safety.
• Medications: Medications can be prescribed to alleviate withdrawal symptoms and cravings. Benzodiazepines and anticonvulsants are used for alcohol or sedative withdrawal, while buprenorphine and methadone assist with opioid withdrawal.
• Supportive Care: Supportive care addresses physical and emotional needs during withdrawal, ensuring proper hydration, nutrition, and rest, along with providing emotional support and counseling.
• Behavioral Therapy: Behavioral therapy, such as cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) or contingency management, helps individuals develop coping strategies, identify triggers, and build skills to prevent relapse.
• Support Groups: Support groups like Alcoholics Anonymous (AA) or Narcotics Anonymous (NA) offer peer support, encouragement, and a sense of community during withdrawal and recovery.
• Holistic Approaches: Complementary therapies, including mindfulness, yoga, exercise, and relaxation techniques, can help manage withdrawal symptoms and enhance overall well-being.

The treatment approach will depend on individual factors, including the substance used, the severity of withdrawal symptoms, and any co-occurring conditions. 

How Can You Get Through Alcohol Withdrawal?

If you or someone you know is going through alcohol withdrawal, here are some strategies to help navigate the process successfully:

• Maintain a positive mindset, recognizing withdrawal is temporary and celebrate small wins.
• Seek medical support for monitoring and medication.
• Create a supportive environment with understanding people.
• Stay hydrated and nourished with fluids and healthy food.
• Prioritize adequate rest and sleep.
• Practice stress reduction techniques like relaxation exercises.
• Engage in light physical activity.
• Find hobbies to distract yourself.
• Adhere to prescribed treatments and ask questions.
• Avoid situations that trigger cravings.

What is Delirium Tremens (DT) or Alcohol Withdrawal Syndrome (AWS)?

Delirium Tremens (DT) is a severe condition that can occur when someone who regularly consumes large amounts of alcohol suddenly stops or reduces intake. It typically develops 48 to 72 hours after the last drink, though it can occur earlier or later, primarily in individuals with a history of heavy alcohol use. Symptoms of DT include:

• Severe confusion and disorientation.
• Hallucinations (seeing or hearing things that aren’t real).
• Severe agitation, restlessness, and irritability.
• Tremors or shaking of the hands and body.
• Rapid heart rate and high blood pressure.
• Profuse sweating and fever.
• Sleep disturbances or insomnia.

DT can be life-threatening and requires immediate medical attention. Seek emergency care if symptoms arise.

Do You Need Help With Drug and Alcohol Withdrawal?

If you or someone you know is struggling with drug and alcohol withdrawal, don’t face it alone. Seek professional help and support from the Rubicon Recovery Center. Our experienced team is dedicated to providing comprehensive care and tailored treatment plans to guide you through the withdrawal process and support your journey toward recovery. Contact us today to take the first step towards a healthier and more fulfilling life.